Edexcel IGCSE·Mathematics 4MA1·Foundation & Higher
Functions And Graphs
Key knowledge — Functions And Graphs
Formulas & equations
Gradient of a straight line: m = (y₂−y₁) ÷ (x₂−x₁)Equation of a line: y = mx + cGradient of tangent ≈ Δy/Δx over a very small interval (numerical differentiation)Area under a curve ≈ sum of trapezium areasFor f(x): f⁻¹(x) is the inverse (reflect in y = x); fg(x) means f(g(x))
Key facts & rules
- y = mx + c: m is gradient, c is y-intercept.
- Parallel lines have the same gradient.
- Perpendicular lines: m₁ × m₂ = −1.
- To find the gradient at a point on a curve: draw a tangent and calculate its gradient.
- Transformations of y = f(x): y = f(x) + a shifts up by a; y = f(x+a) shifts left by a; y = af(x) stretches vertically; y = f(ax) stretches horizontally.
- Key graphs to know: y = x², y = x³, y = 1/x, y = aˣ, y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x.
Edexcel IGCSE Functions and Graphs
34 questions across Foundation and Higher tier. Click a subtopic to start practising.